11. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between probability sampling and non-probability sampling?
- Probability sampling is typically less expensive than non-probability sampling.
- Probability sampling is typically less convenient than non-probability sampling.
- Probability sampling is more biased than non-probability sampling.
- Probability sampling gives data professionals a better chance of generating a representative sample than non-probability sampling.
12. What is a key difference between stratified random sampling and cluster random sampling?
- Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method; cluster sampling is a non-probability sampling method.
- In stratified sampling, you randomly choose some members from each group to be in the sample; in cluster sampling, you choose all members from each group to be in the sample.
- Stratified sampling is a non-probability sampling method; cluster sampling is a probability sampling method.
- In stratified sampling, you randomly choose all members from each group to be in the sample; in cluster sampling, you choose some members from each group to be in the sample.
13. Which of the following scenarios best describe snowball sampling?
- Researchers recruit initial participants to be in a study, then ask them to recruit other people to participate in the study.
- Researchers select members of a population based on random sampling.
- Researchers select participants based on the purpose of their study.
- Researchers select members of a population who are easy to contact or reach.
14. Fill in the blank: Standard error measures the _____ of a sampling distribution.
- mode
- standard deviation
- median
- mean
15. What concept states that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases?
- Bayes’ theorem
- Sampling frame
- Central limit theorem
- Standard error
16. A data professional is working with data about annual household income. They want to use Python to simulate taking a random sample of income values from the dataset. They write the following code: sample(n=100, replace=True, random_state=230). What is the random seed?
- 230
- 10
- 23
- 100
17. Which of the following statements accurately describe non-probability sampling? Select all that apply.
- Non-probability sampling is often based on convenience.
- Non-probability sampling is often based on the personal preferences of the researcher.
- Non-probability sampling typically uses random selection.
- Non-probability sampling can result in biased samples.
18. A data professional is conducting an employee satisfaction survey. First, they list all the employees alphabetically by first name. Then, they randomly choose a starting point on the list and pick every third name to be in the sample. What sampling method are they using?
- Simple random sampling
- Cluster random sampling
- Systematic random sampling
- Stratified random sampling
Shuffle Q/A 3
19. Which of the following statements accurately describe the standard error of the mean? Select all that apply.
- The lower the standard error, the more precise the sample mean is.
- The higher the standard error, the more precise the sample mean is.
- A larger standard error indicates that, in repeated sampling, the sample means are more spread out.
- The standard error of the mean measures variability among the sample means obtained in repeated sampling.
20. Which of the following statements accurately describe a representative sample? Select all that apply.
- A representative sample reflects the characteristics of the overall population.
- A representative sample helps data professionals make reliable inferences based on sample data.
- A representative sample suffers from sampling bias.
- A representative sample represents some groups in the population but not others.