Week 2: Bias, credibility, privacy, ethics, and access
1. Fill in the blank: A preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing is called _____. It is an error in data analytics that can systematically skew results in a certain direction.
- data collection
- data interoperability
- data bias
- data anonymization
2. Which type of bias is the tendency to always construe ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way?
- Observer
- Confirmation
- Sampling
- Interpretation
3. Which of the following are qualities of unreliable data? Select all that apply.
- Biased
- Inaccurate
- Vetted
- Incomplete
4. Fill in the blank: Data _____ refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used.
- ethics
- privacy
- credibility
- anonymization
5. Ownership is a key issue in data ethics. Who owns data?
- The organization that invests time and money collecting, processing, and analyzing the data
- The government that passes data-protection legislation
- The individual who originally generates the data
- The law enforcement agencies that enforce data protection laws
6. An employer accesses an employee’s credit report without their consent. This is not a violation of the employee’s privacy because they work at the company.
- True
- False
7. What is the process of protecting people’s private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information?
- Data governance
- Data design
- Data ethics
- Data anonymization
9. A clinic surveys a group of male and female patients about their experience with physical therapy. The survey does not include people with disabilities. Is the survey data biased?
- Yes
- No
10. A university surveys its student-athletes about their experience in college sports. The survey only includes student-athletes with scholarships. What type of bias is this an example of?
- Interpretation bias
- Observer bias
- Confirmation bias
- Sampling bias
11. An individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data. This is called ownership.
- True
- False
12. The right to inspect, update, or correct your own data is part of which aspect of data ethics?
- Data openness
- Data ownership
- Data consent
- Data privacy
13. Interoperability is key to open data’s success. Which of the following is an example of interoperability?
- A website charges a fee to access a database
- An analyst removes all personally identifiable information from a database
- Different databases use common formats and terminology
- A company restricts the use of a database to its own employees
14. Which of the following situations are examples of bias? Select all that apply.
- A researcher who surveys a sample group that is representative of the population
- A scholar who only reads sources that support their argument
- A dancing competition judge who is a close friend of the dancer who wins the competition
- A daycare that won’t hire men for childcare positions
15. Which of the following “C’s” describe qualities of good data? Select all that apply.
- Comprehensive
- Cited
- Current
- Consequential
16. If a company uses your personal data as part of a financial transaction, you should be made aware of the nature and scale of the transaction. What concept of data ethics does this refer to?
- Privacy
- Currency
- Ownership
- Consent
18. The government of a large city collects data on the quality of the city’s infrastructure. Any business, nonprofit organization, or person can access the government’s databases and re-use or redistribute the data. Is this an example of open data?
- Yes
- No
19. Which of the following are types of data bias often encountered in data analytics? Select all that apply.
- Observer bias
- Interpretation bias
- Educational bias
- Confirmation bias
21. Ownership is a key issue in data ethics. Who owns data?
- The law enforcement agencies that enforce data protection laws
- The organization that invests time and money collecting, processing, and analyzing the data
- The individual who originally generates the data
- The government that passes data-protection legislation
22. Which of the following are commonly used methods for anonymizing data? Select all that apply.
- Masking
- Hashing
- Deleting
- Blanking
23. An individual who provides their data has the right to know and understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on that data. This concept refers to which aspect of data ethics?
- Currency
- Consent
- Ownership
- Transaction transparency
24. In data ethics, consent gives an individual the right to know the answers to which of the following questions? Select all that apply.
- How long will my data be stored?
- Why am I being forced to share my data?
- How will my data be used?
- Why is my data being collected?